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Coker Cemetery Association, San Antonio, Texas

The Cultural Development of Coker Community, Texas

by Jeanette Stanfield

Editor's note: This thesis was presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Southwest Texas State Teachers College at San Marcos, Texas in August 1942, by Jeanette Stanfield of San Antonio in partial fulfillment of the requirements for her Master of Arts degree. Every attempt has been made to include all of the information contained in the original document. However, the structure had to be altered and adapted to accommodate a web format.

Preface

     Within the following pages, the writer has attempted to acquaint the reader with significant events in the history of the settlement designated as Coker Community and with certain factors which have been important in its development. In the 1800's the colony was called Salado, which is the same name as that of the creek running through the territory. Now the place bears the surname of the people who founded it - Coker Community.

     Special thanks are due James M. Coker (now deceased), Mr. and Mrs. Vivian L. Jones, and Rev. A.E. Rector for their help in the writing of this paper. Thanks are also due each one who gave the writer an interview.

     Gratitude is extended to the members of this thesis committee, Dr. Claude Elliott, chairman, and Dr. J.L. Rogers, for their cooperation and assistance.

     Jeanette Stanfield

Table of Contents

I.     Background
II.    Development of Coker School
III.   Development of Coker Community Church
       Bibliography
       Appendix I
       Appendix II
       Appendix III

Chapter I Background              [return to top of document]

     What is now Coker Community, a territory in Bexar County, Texas, about six miles to the north of San Antonio on the Salado Creek, was originally a grant of land consisting of one-third of a league (1), which was given to John Coker, a bachelor from South Carolina, by the Texas Legislature for his services in the army of the State of Texas. Following is a passage from an account of one of the battles in which he participated --
the Battle of San Jacinto:

     Smith took with him Denmore Rives, John Coker, Y.P. Alsbury, E.R. Rainwater, John Garner, and
     Moses Lapham. They galloped eight miles to the spot where pine and cedar logs spanned the
     bayou. They first fired the bridge but it wouldn't burn, so they cut it down, and it fell into the bayou (2).

A battle followed at Buffalo Bayou and the San Jacinto River which resulted in a decided victory for the Texans.

     Sometime after John had taken up residence on his grant, he wrote to his brother Joseph in Alabama, inviting him to come to Texas and share his grant with him. After a few years John's brother, Joseph, arrived with his family, consisting of the latter's sons: J. Harrison (3), Leonard T., and Neill B. Coker; and his sons-in-law: Amos D. Jones, Dave Bennet, Carl Rodgers, James Hampton, and William Smith. John and his brother settled on the banks of the Salado Creek and brought into existence what is now known as Coker Community. The rejoicing of the family upon reaching its new home was somewhat clouded by the fact that Joseph's wife had died when the party reached the Texas border (4). Today, many of the descendants of "Jack", as John was familiarly called, continue to occupy this territory, although some have sold out and moved elsewhere.

     In the early days, this community was really a prairie with a few live oak trees scattered here and there. The mesquite brush that is so common now was not known in this part of the country until about the year 1890 (5).

     Because water was scarce and nobody had a well, the Coker residents kept barrels around their houses to catch rain water. When there was not enough of this, they hauled water from San Pedro Springs which was a day's journey. Early in the morning, the familiar rattle of cans and barrels could be heard as the wagons rumbled along toward the Springs. Sometimes water was obtained from watering holes which served the livestock and wild animals. When the people used this, they tried to arrive at the holes before the cattle in order that the water would not be stirred up.

     There is a story told about one man who had gone to San Pedro Springs to get water. He was on the return trip when hard rains began to fall. As he rode in the wagon, which was pulled by a yoke of oxen, the mud became harder and harder to get through. Finally the wagon was so deep in the mud that further progress was impossible. The man decided to make the load lighter by pouring out the water. He knew there would be plenty of water at home since it had rained so much. Upon his arrival, he discovered it had not rained at all, and the family had to continue without water until a return trip could be made the following day (6).

     When clothes were washed, they were taken to the creek where they were dipped into the water and laid upon the rocks. The small children would help to beat them with paddles, beating on one side awhile and then on the other side. The clothes were then hung on the bushes to dry. As related by Clinton L. Smith, in his story about his life with the Comanches, Indians are known to have attacked some of these women as they were washing (7).

     Soap was made from lye, which in turn was made from ashes, which were saved for a long time. The ashes were placed in hoppers, through which water was strained. If a fresh egg would float on the water, the lye was ready to use.

     Although their stock roamed the prairies, the Coker settlers would pen the hogs in the fall and fatten them for butchering. A calf that was not branded belonged to the person who caught it first. On one occasion James M. Coker and his brother had gone down to the creek. They saw someone roping a yearling. When the stranger caught sight of them, he let go of the rope and rode off, leaving the yearling for the brothers, who claimed it as their own.

     The houses were built of hewn lumber and put together with square nails. James M. Coker's father, J. Harrison Coker, made a fireplace of wood cemented with yellow clay. The mantel piece was a hewn log. This fireplace never caught fire, which is attributed to the fact that so much clay was used in the chimney.

     The main crops were wheat, oats, corn, and sweet potatoes. Enough sweet potatoes were raised to last an entire year. These settlers raised plenty of fruit for their own use.

     Rev. A.E. Rector stated that this community was called "Buttermilk Hill" about fifty years ago (8) because so many of its inhabitants were operating dairy farms. The following excerpts from a book of receipts and expenditures show that J. Harrison Coker must have been in the dairy business in 1861.

Jan. 9, 1861.

Sold 19½ lbs. butter @ 25¢....................$4.85

Jan. 19, 1861.

Sold 20½ lbs. butter @ 25¢....................$5.15

Mar. 26, 1861.

Sold 14 lbs. butter @ 25¢........................$3.50
and 3½ dozen eggs @ 15¢......................$ .55

This occupation continues to exist among the greater number of the residents.

The following items taken at random from J. Harrison Coker's account book give one an idea of how money was spent and how the price of the articles compare with present-day prices:

5 lbs. coffee..........................................	$ 1.00
40 lbs. salt @ 4¢..........................................	$ 1.60
peck potatoes..........................................	$ 0.25
pair blankets..........................................	$ 4.00
envelope and stamp..........................................	$ 0.05
candy..........................................	$ 0.05
bread and sausages..........................................	$ 0.10
tobacco..........................................	$ 0.20
Pd. Faidley & Co. on old account..........................................	$ 3.00 (9)
Pd. J. Philips for work..........................................	$ 3.60
bottle medicine..........................................	$ 1.00
paper of pins..........................................	$ 0.10
6 yds. cotton flannel @ 12½ ¢..........................................	$ 0.75
pair of knitting needles..........................................	$ 0.10
2½ yds. gingham..........................................	$ 0.62
1½ yds. domestic..........................................	$ 0.15
2 bottles Expectorant..........................................	$ 2.00
box pills..........................................	$ 0.25
set cups & saucers..........................................	$ 0.50
dinner..........................................	$ 0.25
1½ yds. calico..........................................	$ 0.18¾
50 lbs. flour..........................................	$ 3.25
spool thread..........................................	$ 0.05
flat iron..........................................	$ 0.81
bucket..........................................	$ 0.45
bottle whiskey..........................................	$ 0.40
pocket knife..........................................	$ 0.35
2 lbs. coffee..........................................	$ 0.60
bushel meal..........................................	$ 1.60
shoes..........................................	$ 1.00
hired hand, one month..........................................	$12.00
sardines..........................................	$ 0.15
set of plates..........................................	$ 0.75
candles..........................................	$ 2.00
hired negro, 2 months..........................................	$24.00
ax handle..........................................	$ 0.35 (10)

Disease and animal bites in this territory were just as common in 1861 as they are now. Since the people had to be their own doctors most of the time, it is interesting to note this remedy for snake-bite as found in J. Harrison Coker's diary:

Iodide of Potassium grs..........................................	4 grains
Corrosive Sublimate grs..........................................	2 grains
Bromine Drachms..........................................	5 drachms

                    Let there be mixed ten drops of this mixture taken in a tablespoonful of wine, brandy, or whiskey.
          This is a dose which should be repeated in ten or fifteen minutes if the pain or swelling should continue
          or if they should repeat after having abated. From four to seven drops will constitute a dose for a child
          to whom it should be given if convenient in wine or diluted spirits.

                    Ammonia may be rubbed on the limb or inhaled. The part might be scarified deeply and if
          convenient cut. A little might be injected with the following mixture: Iodine grains 10. Iodide of potassium
          grains 30, pure water 1 cane but this causes great pain (11).

Here is the remedy for diptheria:

                    In the early stages of the complaint which is always accompanied by a soreness and swelling of
          the throat, let the patient use a simple solution of salt and water to gargle every fifteen minutes. At the
          same time moisten a piece of flannel with a solution of the _____ kind. Have as warm as the patient can
          bear it, and bind it around the throat, renewing it as often as the gargle is administered and in the
          meanwhile sprinkling the fine salt between the flannel and the neck. Use _____ _____ tonic or stimulant
          either separately or if the pain be great use both together. The treatment as may be seen is extremely
          simple, and if used in the earlier stages of the disease, will often effect a complete cure (12).

          The work, pleasures, and sorrows -- in other words, the general goings-on of these people -- will be better understood by reading these notes taken here and there through the diary:

          John Hampton commenced work after the bear hunt on the 23rd day of October, 1871.

          Buck beef gave out Saturday, April 2, 1881. It lasted eleven weeks or seventy-seven days.

          June 13, 1881. The boys and I worked on the thrasher. Clemants hoed in his cotton. Mrs. Douglas
          and Griffin commenced teaching school. Old crazy John was here wanting a wagon.

          Started to work on the railroad about June 6, 1881 (13).

          Mat Wilson (14) and family and Autrey and family were here. Autreys stayed all night. Josie and I went to           town and stayed all night. She at Jonsons and me in the camp yard.

          I came home. The top came off and one wheel ran off. Josie stayed at Jonsons.

          I hauled water and piddled about the house.

          Friday, March 11, 1881. Started to town with wood. John overtook me at San Pedro and told me of
          Father's death (15). He died at night in bed and nobody knew it until breakfast. I brought out the coffin and           burial suit and we buried him that evening. General Davidson (16) held the services. God grant that he           may rest in peace. My wife and I stayed all night with Neill and family. He takes it very hard. Most of the           connections were at the funeral.

          Sunday, March 13, at home. Mat Wilson and family were here. Taylor Jones' (17) wife and children were
          here and Jim Walker. Jim Wilson stayed all night. John and the girls went to church. The preacher did not
          come.

          Tuesday, March 15. J. Roberts called by from town and took supper. Said George Bode's child was dying           and George wanted a grave dug.

          Wednesday, March 16. Molton Seay (pronounced See) came in the morning and told us that they would
          bury the Bode child in town at 3 o'clock this evening. It died on the evening of the 15th.

          Thursday, March 17....hauled water from rock water hole. John broke out the middles with sweep plow...

          Friday, March 25....Ed Stevens was here and summoned John to attend court on the 11th of April as
          witness.

          Sunday, March 27....Autrey was here, brought home the plow he borrowed and cut off my and Clemant's
          hair.

          Tuesday, April 19....at night a snake caught three chickens...

          Sunday, April 24. Went to town to hear a Parson Pen preach at night in the Baptist Church.

          Saturday, April 30....killed a wild turkey...

          Wednesday, May 11....women folks washed...

          Thus we see the interesting background of the Texas pioneers who made homes in the new found territory of Coker Community. Theirs is typical of the lives of the pioneers who tamed the Great West, and made it an important part of our country.

Chapter II   Development of Coker School              [return to top of document]

          The first schools in Coker Community were taught in different homes and lasted for about three months out of the year. Later, school was held for part of the term on the grounds that are now called the church grounds, while the other part of the term was taught in another part of the community. This way some children would go a short distance the first term and a long distance the second term and vice versa.

          Mrs. Julia Kelley recalls that one of her teachers, Mr. Butts, threw a stick at the children when they misbehaved and then he would command them to bring the stick back to him. Another one, Brother Kerr, pulled their ears when they made a mistake (18). At this time the children used slates instead of tablets and they bought their own books. The New Texas Spelling Book (published in 1865 by Book and Job, Printers) (19) was used by J. Harrison Coker when he taught school in the settlement and is divided into two parts - the first dealing with spelling words and the second pertaining to the definition of words. The first section has the words grouped, for example, as to words of two syllables accented on the second, words in which "th" has the vocal sound, words of seven syllables accented on the fifth, and words in which "g" is silent. The second section treats miscellaneous words, such as words of similar pronunciation, plural of words from foreign languages, technical terms, origin of a few proper names, and prefixes and suffixes.

          The air-minded people of today might be surprised to find the definition of a parachute in The New Texas Spelling Book which is "an umbrella of a balloon". As a whole the definitions are given in one word, for example: dolorous - sorrowful; journal - diary.

          Some of the older boys tried to aggravate the teacher by sharpening their slate pencils oftener than was necessary. The rubbing of the slate pencil on a board made a noise resembling the scratching of fingernails on a blackboard (20).

          A designated amount of money was paid for each child, this money being used for the teacher's salary. When one realizes that the enrollment consisted of probably a dozen children, it can be seen that the remuneration of the teacher was small. It is interesting to note that J. Harrison Coker paid part of a tuition bill (Nov. 26, 1861) by means of produce. A paper belonging to Eldredge M. Coker shows that his grandfather, J. Harrison Coker, paid part of a twelve dollar bill by giving S.S. Sumisin, the teacher, three bushels of corn at sixty cents per bushel and another three bushels at seventy-five cents per bushel. This took off $4.05 of the original bill, leaving $7.95 to be paid. The photostatic copy of a receipt (21) which was given in 1866, shows that the tuition was two dollars per child per month. If the child was absent, a certain amount was subtracted from the tuition for each day he did not attend.

          Items from J. Harrison Coker's book of Accounts and Receipts pertaining to the school show:

June 16, 1861	Schooling	$12.40
October 9, 1861	Paid my part on stove for school house	$ 1.00
December 14, 1861	Paid balance on schooling	$ 3.40
	One spelling book	$ 0.15

          After some time Neill B. Coker donated a plot of land to be used for a school building. At first a one-room building served as the schoolhouse. Then a two-story frame structure was erected about 1904 or 1905 (22), and the old building was used as a teacher's residence. The two-story building was destroyed by fire on October 28, 1924, neither the schoolhouse nor the contents being insured. It was at this time that L.B. Jones and fifty-two other property taxpayers living in part of Common School District Number Six petitioned the School Trustees of Bexar County to cut off the property on which they were living and form a new district. These fifty-two people represented about four-fifths of the voters of the proposed new district.

          In the meantime the trustees of Common School District Number Six circulated petitions for a bond issue of $700 and for a flexible tax not exceeding one dollar on the $100 valuation of taxable property in the district. Elections were held on January 3, 1925, at which both propositions were defeated and lost. According to law another such election could not be held until January, 1926, in School District Number Six. The children of the district were being taught in a tent with the prospect of having to go through another winter in a tent. After investigating all facts, the County School Trustees decided that it would be for the best interests of the schools and the children to grant the aforementioned petition and divide Common School District Number Six in order to create a new district. The new district was called Common School District Number Fifty, whereas the remaining part retained the original number.

          After the division of the district had been made, a petition was presented to the County Judge, Augustus McCloskey, to hold an election in Common School District Number Fifty on the question of issuing a $4,000 bond to provide funds for erecting a brick and hollow tile school building. The bond issue passed (36 votes against 18 votes) which was to be the nature of twenty $200 bonds payable annually on the tenth of April each year, and were to bear six percent interest. The last bond was to mature on April 10, 1945 (23). The trustees paid out the bond issue April 10, 1936, nine years ahead of maturity (24).

          In June, 1934, the trustees bought a plot of land from W.J. Isom for the sum of $100 in order to increase the size of the school grounds. This plot consisted of about .224 acres.

          Since then in the fall of 1936 an addition consisting of a large room, a hall, and two indoor toilet rooms have been added to the original two rooms.

          At present, there are eight grades taught in the school which are divided among three rooms. The first and second grades form the primary room; the third, fourth, and fifth grades make up the intermediate group; and the sixth, seventh, and eighth grades are in the third room.

          The gradual growth of the community can easily be seen from the total enrollment which was in the eighties six years ago and the last census taken which included one hundred and forty children of scholastic age. The primary room has been the largest in number with the intermediate room ranking a close second. Most of the boys and girls who complete the eighth grade here continue their education in San Antonio.

The two-story frame building was erected about 1904 or 1905

Brick and hollow tile school building constructed in 1925.
This picture shows the out-houses, double-garage, windmill and water tank at the right of the picture.
To the left one can get a glimpse of the teacherage directly in back of the parked automobile.

Another view of the two-room brick school building

Present school building showing addition made in 1936.
The addition starts from the chimney in the center of the building and includes all that to the left of the picture.

Chapter III   Development of Coker Community Church              [return to top of document]

          The community church that has been in existence almost since the beginning of the community itself is situated on the North Loop Road out from San Antonio, Texas, just across the road from Salado Creek. At first the settlers worshipped in a small building which was also used for a schoolhouse and was located on the site of the present cemetery. Then under Rev. A.E. Rector's guidance a frame church was constructed serving the congregation for a period of fifty-three years (25). In 1939 the frame building was replaced by a rock structure (26). The large stones used in the two front corners are the steps from the previous building.

          An interesting thing to note is the leather-bound Bible which belonged to J. Harrison Coker. Mrs. Julia Kelley, his daughter, remarked, "My father read this Bible through three times by the light of pine-knots." (27) Mrs. Kelley has in her possession this Bible which is about six inches thick and probably eleven by fourteen inches. The title page bears the date 1855.

          Rev. A.E. Rector went to Coker Community in the fall of 1883. He served the congregation for a period of four years during which time the people put their efforts toward one objective - the building of a church. Previous to this time the handful of members, mostly older people, had been holding services in the schoolhouse located in the cemetery. The schoolhouse had shutters rather than window glass. (I. Kingsbury and F.S. Jackson preached in this building before Rector.) A frame church was erected without any debt - Amos D. Jones having collected a great deal of money from business men in town (28). A man by the name of Richey built the building. Leonard T. Coker, Neill B. Coker, Amos D. Jones, Z.T. Autrey, and William Sabin were the original trustees of the church property and Taylor Jones was the first superintendent of the Sunday School. It was about this time that twenty-one of the members of the church pledged themselves to pay for the fencing of the schoolhouse and graveyard grounds (29).

Frame church built in 1885 and torn down in March, 1939.

The first wedding in the church was a double ceremony with Agnes Autrey and Thomas C. Marmon as one couple and Maggie Autrey and Fred Tomasini as the other couple. The two brides were sisters. An amusing incident occurred in that the grooms wore the same suit. While one couple was being married, the other waited outside the building. Then the second groom changed his clothes, and he and his bride were joined in wedlock (30). Leona Marmon and Clarence Vaughn were the last couple to be married in this church. The bride is a daugher of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas C. Marmon, one of the first couples. The last funeral to be held from the old church was that of Fred Tomasini, one of the first bridegrooms (31).

Rev. Rector's circuit consisted of Boerne (where he lived), Selma, Lockhill, and Coker. He travelled on horseback, wearing gloves, slicker, leather-leggings, and artico shoes and he carried a blanket in his saddle bag. His congregation went to church in wagons drawn by horses while a few had buggies. James M. Coker reported that he had seen a yoke of oxen tied at the church. Rev. Rector held services at each charge once a month except for Boerne at which place he preached twice a month. The services lasted all day. At this time there were about fifteen or twenty members at Coker and during his period of service the membership doubled. The salary for the first year was $360 for the circuit and Rev. Rector had to buy a horse and pay for his board and washing. The second year Rector was given a junior assistant but, according to Rector, he still had to do most of the work. The third year the circuit was divided.

Reverend and Mrs. A.E. Rector.
He was the first regular preacher at Coker Community Church and
it is planned that he will dedicate the new rock building.

After Rector had left this congregation, he was invited back to perform a wedding. As a fee the groom gave him five dollars and a pig. The latter Rector put in the back of his buggy. On his way to town Rector met the regular pastor of the Coker congregation. They stopped to chat and while doing so the pig let out a squeal. The preacher laughed at the idea of being given a pig for a fee, but when Rector showed him the five-dollar bill, the preacher's mirth changed to scorn (32).

Before and during the time of Rector's ministry, missionaries visited the community. This is brought out in the following quotations from J. Harrison Coker's diary:

Oct. 9, 1861	Paid my part on stove for schoolhouse (same building for church and school)	$ 1.00
	Paid to preacher	$ 5.00
Oct. 30, 1861	Gave to missionary	$ 1.00
	Cash paid to preacher	$ 1.00 (33)

During services the women sat on one side of the church and the men on the other (34). For revivals, the congregation made an arbor of brush, beneath which they had protracted meetings. Dinner was served on the grounds, a custom which has been carried out in recent years on special Sundays. The photograph shows one of the last of these occasions which took place on Easter, 1939.

Dinner on church grounds, Easter, 1939

There was also a basket dinner at the laying of the corner stone, February 2, 1939.

          Those who served the church when it was known as the Salado Methodist Episcopal Church, South, include:

          Reverends A.E. Rector, James Hammond, V.G. Thomas, Thurston Campbell, R.G. Renfro, _____ Davis,
          C.W. Rylander, S.L. Bachelor, Frank Perrin, W.A. Govett, R.S. Adair, Dr. Shaw, Val Sherman, ______
           Shoemaker, _____ Scott, ______ Duke, John Luin, W.L. Scarborough, J.C. Russell, _____ Meyer,
          John Pollard, and Ralph Todd. Then A.C. Marshll served as a local preacher and it was at this
          time that the name of the church was changed to Coker Community Methodist Church. After him
          Cyril Isom and his wife, Georgia, held meetings here (35).

Succeeding them was Alfred Bankert who served from 1932 (36) to 1934 after which Rev. J.O. Manning filled the pulpit from 1934 to 1936. Following Manning's ministry, the church was made an independent charge in the West Texas Conference and Henry H. Moeller was appointed as pastor in charge, serving from 1936 to 1938, when Oliver Risinger took over the duties of pastor for 1939. Rev. O.E. Moreland preached in 1940, and then Rev. W.M. Rader accepted the duties of pastor and is still serving the congregation which numbers about thirty regular attendants.

          The Sunday School, which has been led by C.J. Stanfield, Jr. for the past six years, has a staff of four teachers. Their average Sunday morning attendance is fifty-two.

          The new rock church at Coker Community was built to a very large extent through the donations of those who wished to perpetuate the names of their families. These names are placed on bronze plates over the windows and doors of the present church building. It was after the completion of the church in the spring of 1939 that an Educational Hall was constructed (about two years later) using some of the old lumber from the frame church. This structure is rock veneer and is used for community meetings in general.

          Upon completion of the two buildings, the Hebener family, who had recently come to Coker Community, desired to go on record as doing their part for the new church project. With this in mind, and in addition to paying for a window marker, the Hebener family (James, Mary, Josie, and their mother) donated a non-climbable chain link fence with rock corner posts and iron gates to enclose the church property on the side next to the public road.

          Because of the donation of the rock by James M. Coker (37) it was possible for the new building to come into existence. A plate above one of the windows in the church bears this inscription: "On this rock will I build my church", which is a fitting memorial to the fine character of James M. Coker and an inspiration to all who pass "the little rock church in the vale" (38).

New rock church completed in 1939.

The Educational Hall is situated to the left of the church.

Interior of the new rock church.

This building is heated by means of artificial gas, whereas the frame building had a wood stove as the only source of heat.

BIBLIOGRAPHY          [return to top of document]

Primary Sources

           1. Manuscripts

                    Coker, J. Harrison, “Diary”, 1881.

                    Coker, J. Harrison, “Book of Receipts and Expenditures”, 1861.

                    Jones, V.L., Report written for Coker Community Church, September 12, 1939.

                    Sandau, Mrs. Erna, Townsend, Mrs. Luther, and Orchard, Mrs., E.H., “History of Coker Community
                    Methodist Church,” prepared for corner stone of present church building, January 29, 1939.

           2. Court Records

                    School Minutes in County Commissioners Court Room, Vol. 3, pp. 101-105.

                    Deed Record, 1101, Bexar County.

           3. Interviews

                    Mrs. Fannie Coker, June 21, 1942.

                    James M. Coker, June 21, 1941.

                    Mr. and Mrs. Eldredge M. Coker, July 27, 1942.

                    Mrs. Bertha Jones, December 31, 1941.

                    C.E. Jones, July 20, 1942.

                    Vivian L. Jones, July 18, 1942.

                    Mrs. Julia Kelley, January 31, 1942.

                    Thomas C. Marmon, November, 1941.

                    Rev. A.E. Rector, March 1, 1942.

                    Mrs. Luther Townsend, August 8, 1942.

Printed Sources

           1. Newspapers

                    The San Antonio Evening News, July 17, 1941.

                    The San Antonio Express, February 2, 1939.

                    The San Antonio Light, April 21, 1936.

           2. Books

                    Cushing, E.R., The New Texas Spelling Book, Book and Job, Printers, San Antonio, Texas, 1865.

                    Hunter, J. Marvin, The Boy Captives, Clinton L. Smith and Jefferson D. Smith, Frontier Times,
                    Bandera, Texas, 1927.

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